Research Study Quantitative

Research Study QuantitativeQuestion 1 aspires and benefits of sections of Independent studyMy independent study is related to denary look into model. Purpose of the quantitative look is to do numerical summaries, generalizations across populations and comparisons between populations. It includes few inconstants (Delay time, work order, number of different products) and many cases (Five sets of averation with severally set consisting of 500 products). These quantitative research methods use experimental designs. The various experimental methodologies areQuasi Experimental functionsRCT Randomized Controlled TrialsBaseline DataPosttest lone(prenominal) DesignLongitudinal DesignOut of these experimental methodologies, my study falls under randomized controlled trails, where I generate a random information of cardinal sets all(prenominal) set consisting of 500 different kinds of products.IntroductionPurpose The exercise of my study introduction is to provide background in songation for the readers for the research reported in the study. It establishes a framework for the research, so that readers can ascertain how it is related to other research (Cres salubrious, 2003 p.73). It as well establishes the issue or concern leading to the research by conveying information ab issue a research problem (Creswell, 2003 p.74). In this, the problem is best addressed by understanding the factors or variables which are the mathematical process time, product order that influence an outcome delay time (Creswell, 2003 p.75). It provides the understanding of the problem that explains or relates to an outcome delay time and alleviates the detective best understand and explain the problem wherefore the delay time is to be minimized (Creswell, 2003 p. 76).The research problem in the studyGuiding research questionsReviewed studies addressing the problemDeficiencies in past times literature and limitationsImportance of a study for an audienceBenefits By writing an operationive introduction chapter, a reader can invention out the problem leading to the study i.e., how the delay time is optimized by arranging the production work order, reviewing the literature astir(predicate) the problem to find whether there are any related theories that is through with(p) by other investigators, identifying deficiencies in the literature about the problem, targeting audiences and notifying the significance of the problem for this audience (Creswell, 2003 p.73).Literature ReviewPurpose The drive of the literature review is to share with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported (Creswell, 2003 p.29). It relates a study to the larger current dialogue in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Cooper, 1984 Marshall Rossman, 1999). It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study as well as a benchmark for comparing the results of a study with other findings. All or some of these reasons may be the foundation for writing the scholarly literature into a study (Miller, 1991).Benefits The literature review helps to substantiate the problem and also suggests possible questions or hypotheses that need to be addressed (Creswell, 2003 p.46).MethodologyPurpose The consumption of methodology chapter is to bring focus on survey and experimental modes of interrogative. You will also explain the methodology you are using, why you chose that methodology and why you chose not to use other methods. The method that was utilise to collect data is explained in detail like how did I generated random data of five sets with each set consisting of 500 products using Microsoft Excel ad procedure I followed to find the real-time delay time. The reader will exactly spot what was done with the collected data, to the point that he or she can replicate the study to get similar results.Benefits With the help of methodology chapter, audiences can recogn ize the variation that exists in the qualitative, quantitative and mixed method studies, why I chose a quantitative study for the research problem I defined then it advances general road map for procedures of the study. These guidelines include a discussion about the general characteristics of the study if the audiences are not familiar with the approach to research.(Source Classroom material by Dr. Lynda Kenney)ResultsPurpose The purpose of results chapter is to make a well-unionized and objective presentation of the results by examining the collected data and application of either the descriptive or inferential statistical methods. Then the tables, graphs and figures of the examine data are also presented for sufficient support description to permit the reader to interpret them quickly and accurately (Leedy Ormrod, 2005).Benefits The benefits of the results chapter is for readers to quickly interpret the conclusions and significance with the help of the tables, graphs, charts an d figures obtained from the interpretation and outline of the data.Flow ChartPurpose The purpose of the flow chart is to explain the process of optimization of the production work order in a step-by-step process that is described in the study.Benefits It makes the readers understand easily at a glance what has done in the entire study. It also helps the research worker to make and follow the created flow chart while analyzing the data.DiscussionPurpose The purpose of the discussion chapter is to highlight the main theories and conclusion used in the research study so that a reader can easily figure out what theories the researcher used in implementing and analyzing the data. Each major conclusion is distinctly explained and compared with the results of the similar work by other investigators. Then, the researcher continually connects her findings with the theoretical frameworks. Any new or unusual results are also explained(Leedy Ormrod, 2005). If the researcher is not sure abou t the significance of the results or could not understand the phenomenon of the data, it is sometimes worthwhile to present a speculative discussion outlining several possible outcomes by alerting the readers that such a discussion is speculative.Benefits The benefits of the discussion chapter are to make grand conclusions which support the subsequent paragraphs. Here, the entire conclusions, implications or the effects due to each conclusion including the minor and major effects are presented. The discussion also includes the method of computation or derivation of the study. Such situation arises when one figure is derived from preceding figures. If the application or method is involved, then a complete example with the method is to be explained for complete understanding to the reader. Finally, explained the significance and outcomes of the study.ConclusionsPurpose The purpose of the conclusions chapter is to make a summary of the conclusions that are presented in previous chapte r. The researcher also points out both what are found and what are not found. It is also the section examined by the prospective reader with limited available time (Leedy Ormrod, 2005). Benefits Although the researcher has previously presented each of the conclusions, conclusions chapter tell us the reader the ultimate effect or the benefit of the study. In my study, I have explained how the delay time is minimized or optimized by arranging the production work order so that it is quite helpful to readers, who might easily lose track of some important conclusions as they read earlier portions of a study(Leedy Ormrod, 2005). In addition to this, a prospective reader will able to quickly examine the research in limited time. I explained the benefits of my study that findings of this research will aid industries, retails stores by demonstrating how the algorithm is currently used, and how retail stores can assist customers to implement universal algorithm. Industries may benefit from models of evaluating arrangement of parts of a product on an company line.Question 2Framework Elements of ResearchFor every research proposal, a definite framework exists to follow a certain pattern. Creswell (2003) suggested that from lots of different types and cost in the literature, he focused on three approaches quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approach. The first two has been available for decades, and the last is new and still developing in form and substance. To understand them, we need to consider three framework elements philosophical assumption about what constitute association claims, general procedures of research called strategies of inquiry, and detailed procedure of data collection, analysis and writing, called methods.For that Creswell (2003) proposed (which was developed by Crotty) three questions to the design of researchWhat knowledge claims are being made by the researcher?What strategies of inquiry will inform the procedures?What methods of data collection and analysis will be used?Framework Elements of Quantitative ResearchKnowledge claimsStating a knowledge claim means that researcher start with a project with certain assumptions about how we will learn and what we will learn during their inquiry. These are called as paradigms. Philosophically, researchers make claims about what is knowledge (ontology), how we know it (epistemology), what values go into it (axiology), how we write about it (rhetoric), and the process for studying it (methodology). There are four schools for knowledge claims as what follow. Those are post positive knowledge claims, socially constructed knowledge claims, advocacy or participatory knowledge claims and finally pragmatic knowledge claims.For quantitative research, the knowledge claims are post positivism which includes determination, reductionism, verifiable observation and respectment, and theory verification. Post positivism refers the thinking after positivism challenging the absolute tr uth and recognizing that we can not be positive about claims of knowledge when studying the behaviors and action of human. Traditionally, the post confident(p) assumptions have cited claims about what pictures knowledge. Post positivism reflects in determining the effects or outcomes, examining the causes that reflect the outcomes by doing experiments, reducing the ideas into a small, set of ideas to test such as variables that constitute hypothesis and research questions, developing numeric measures of observations and studying the behavior of individuals. The problem examine by post positivist reflects a need to examine causes that influence outcomes. It is also reductionism testing selected variables that constitute hypothesis and research questions, so it is based on careful observation and measurement of the objective reality in the world. Researching is for test or refining the existing laws or theories.Strategies of inquiryA stage of inquiry in quantitative research includ es numerical summaries, generalizations across populations and comparisons between populations.Strategies of inquiry provide specific designs for procedures in the research design. Like knowledge claims, strategies have work out over the years as the computer technology has pushed forward data analysis and the baron to analyze complex models. Strategies associated with quantitative research were those that invoked the post positivist perspectives. These include true experiments and less vigorous experiments called quasi-experiments and correlational studies (Campbell Stanley, 1963), and specific single-subject experiments (Cooper, heron, Heward, 1987). But, these days, quantitative research strategies involved complex experiments with many variables and treatments like factorial designs and repeated measure designs. Strategies associated with quantitative approach areExperiment It is about random assignment of subject to treatment conditions and includes quasi-experiment with no nrandomized design. My study used experimental strategy for generating the randomized data and analyzing the data with Microsoft office tools.Non-experimental designs, such as Surveys it is studying by using questionnaires or structured interviews with the intent of generalizing from sample to a population. These include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or structured interviews for data collection, with the intent of generalizing from a sample to a population (Babbie, 1990)Research methodsThe third major element that goes into a research approach is the specific methods of data collection and analysis. For quantitative research, the research methods I used are predetermined instrument based questions such as military operation data, attitude data, observational data and census statistical data using Microsoft Excel. I considered full range of possibilities for data collection in the study by organizing these research methods with the use of closed-ended versus pen-ended questions and their focus on numeric versus non-numeric data analysis.Question 5Validity and generalizability aspects of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods researchQualitative research rigorousnessThe degree to which the interpretations of the data accurately describe the phenomenon under investigation is known as stiffness. Validity is seen as a strength of the qualitative study which is used in determining whether the findings are accurate from the standpoint of the researcher, the participant, or the readers (Creswell Miller, 2000).In addition to validity, the terms used are trustworthiness, authenticity, and credibility. There are eight primary strategies, organized from most frequently used and easy to implement to those occasionally used to and difficult to implement. Various qualitative procedures should be used to make a research validate. Some of the procedures are qualitative research paradigm and ethnographic research design.Methods for est ablishing the validity areNegative case analysis Presenting the negative or mismated information that runs counter to the themes Audit trail Clarifying the preconception the researcher brings to the studyProlonged field experience Spending prolonged time in the field to develop an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under studyData triangulation triangulate different data sources of information by examining evidence from the sources and using it to build a coherent justificationMember checking to determine the accuracy of the qualitative findingsRich, thick descriptionQuantitative research validityThe degree to which the evidence supports that the interpretations of the data are correct and that the manner in which the interpretations are used is appropriate.Threats to validity There are several threats to the validity that raise the potential issues about the researcher ability to conclude the intervention affects of an outcome. They are internal threats, external thre ats, statistical conclusion threats, and construct validity threats.Internal validity threats are experimental procedures, treatments, or experiences of the participants that menace the researchers ability to draw correct inferences from the data in an experiment. These involve due to inadequate procedures like changing the instrument or a tool during an experiment, changing the control group participants under study etc.External validity threats arise when the researcher draws incorrect inferences from the sample data to other persons, other settings, and past or future situations. Statistical conclusion validity arises when experimenters draw inaccurate inferences from the data because of inadequate statistical power or the violation of the assumptions.Construct validity threat arises when investigators use inadequate definitions and measure of variables.Methods of establishing validityExperiment reviewData triangulationParticipant feedbackRegression analysisStatistical analysis Types of validity evidenceContentConstructCriterionConsequentialProcedureA researcher need to describe in detain the procedure for conducting the experiments ad the reader should be able to see the design being used, the observation, the treatment, and the timeliness of activities. Typical steps used for the procedure are follows. dole outing the measures of the dependent variable or a variable that closely correlated with the dependent variable to the research participants.Assign participants to the matched duos on the basis of their scoresRandomization. Randomly assign one member of each pair to the experimental group and other member to the control groupExpose experimental group to experimental treatment and alternative treatment to control group.Administer measures of the dependent variables to the experimental and control groupsCompare the performance of the experimental and control groups.Statistical analysisA reader should be able to identify understandably the statistical a nalyses that are used in the experiment. Various statistical analyses that can be performed during the study areDescriptive analysis reporting the means, standard deviations and ranges.inferential analysis- performing the hypothesis tests using t tests, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, or multivariate analysis of variance. A researcher can also use the factorial designs, both interaction and main effects of ANOVA.Mixed methods researchExamine potential sources of geological fault and ask Chance Random error in sample distribution from a population.1. Type I (alpha) error The probability of falsely saying that there is a difference between two populations.2. Type II (beta) error The probability of falsely saying that there is no difference between two populations.How (in what direction) would the threats to validity affect the findings?Bias Systematic distortion1. Selection bias Systematic slant in how subjects are assembled or retained for study2. Information bias Sys tematic distortion from inaccuracy in measurement or compartmentalization of study variablesWere potential sources of error adequately controlled in the design and analysis?Confounding Misattribution of cause and effectHow do validity concerns affect your interpretation or application of the data?In the DesignStudy design appropriate for the question B,CAdequate power AComplete accounting of eligible patients B1 chit of information and Blinding B2Multiple control groups B,CRandomization, Restriction and matching CIn the AnalysisBest case / worst case scenario and Sensitivity analysis B,CAdjustment B1,CMathematical modeling CA Reduces the role of chance B1 Reduces selection bias B2 Reduces information bias C Reduces confoundingReferencesCreswell, J. W. 2003. Research Design Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE. Thousand Oaks. USA.Leedy, P. D., Ormrod, J. E., (2005). Practical Research Planning and Design. PEARSON. Columbus. Ohio.Olds, B., Moskal, B. Mille r, R. Assessment in Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education , to appear Jan. 2005.Moskal, B., Leydens, J. Pavelich, M. Validity, reliability and the judgement of engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education , Vol. 91, No. 3, 351-354, 2002.