American football positions Essay Example for Free

American footb completely positions EssayFootball, it is non on the nose a sport or some game. It is my whole life. Every year I have one goal and that is to make it to football season. Playing in all(prenominal) of those games gives a special feeling that no one can get enough of. Winter, Spring, and Summer do not even compare to what Fall is like, not only is it one of the most beautiful times of the year but the most intense, most exciting sport seasons to anyone with a pulse. I prepare for it all year long, doing disparate sorts of exercises such as foot race, lifting, jumping rope, and anything that I could think of to help me be the best athlete I could possibly be.No subject field how hard someone could prepare for football there is only one thing that will truly make someone the best they could of all time be and that my friend is affectionateness. If they do not have heart they will not make it anywhere, not only in football but in life. With heart and dedicatio n there is nothing that cannot be accomplished. Some days I just dream about playing football on the next level. The gripe of just suiting up in that jersey means the world to me. Playing underneath those blinding lights, that lights up the whole field like the sun. there are so many different ways to profit games but there are a basic few that will definitely do the trick. Some offense will really put points up on the board to show how good the squad is. A whole lot of demurral will win the game it will stop the other team from putting the points up. One of my favorite quotes Offense sells tickets Defense wins championshipsCoach Paul Bear Bryant jr. in that location is always Special Teams too without it there would be no kickoffs, no field goals, and without it the game would not be complete.Morgan 2 The Offense, I would not say it was my favorite thing but I play it to help put points up on the board. There are so many different positions on the offense and over a million d ifferent plays and formations. There is the offensive line, which is one of the most rough and intense places I have ever been. There is punching, kicking, and anything to show superiority, if I did not know any kick downstairs I would think I was fist fighting somewhere in those trenches. There is the running backs and the quarterbacks.They get all of the glory because they are the ones who score the touchdowns. The running backs and the linemen work together to score, one wrong move by one of the linemen and our running back gets tackled. The linemen block the defensive players to stop them from tackling our running back, if we succeed we score. The Defense, my all-time favorite thing, this is where they separate the boys and the men. I love going out and just shattering some pecks helmets in.There are a so many different positions like defensive tackles, cornerbacks, safeties, and my favorite line-backers. No matter where the cast is going there will be someone there to stop t hem. Like that quote said defense wins championships and that is 100% true without defense it just be a track meet. This is just me but I would rather sack a quarterback than score a touchdown, but some people they are not like that. The one thing that wins and loses games is the special teams. The field goal is one of the most important things in some cases this can win the game.I have seen it send teams into the winner circle and I have seen it send teams down loser lane. There is also kickoffs where every time the team scores they kick it off to the other team. There is a punt when the team does not succeed to make a first down in the four downs they are giving. Morgan 3 All of these things can make or break the team but, the one team that can do each and everything better than the other team will be victorious. If they do not play the best they can always look forward to next week.

Organizations And Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizations And Behavior EssayIntroductionManagement is an grave activity in the performance of an disposal. Management involves integrated activities which together ensue that on that point is effective planning, over go on, and organization of recourses to lead the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. This manner that managers need to pull in a wide range of information pertaining to different departments in the organization.In this paper we argon going to discus different vigilance perspectives through accomplishment of different tasks. The paper will look into organization twist discount ending, motivation of employees, working with early(a)s in police squads and groups, and organization leadership and focussing. Task 1Comparing organization structure and culture of McDonalds and King George pizza pie in CanadaThe fast food is unmatchable of the most competitive industries in the world. The fast food industry has been recording higher rates of growth in North the States including U.S and Canada than any other part of the world. MacDonald is a major player in the North Ameri coffin nail fast food industry while King George Pizza is mavin of small fast food establishment in British Columbia.Although the two companies operate in the same industry, there are a hatch of similarity and differences in the organization structure and culture. This is based on the difference that comes as result of difference in their operation. McDonald organization structure is based on the size of its operation which means that the structure has to adapt to the franchise nature of its operation (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92). On the other hand, King Georges Pizza is a local eating house operating just one branch in British Columbia.The culture between the two organization is also similar and at the same while with some differences. One of the key successes of MacDonald in the fast food industry has been its strong client oriented culture. McDonald has adopted a market oriented culture which ensures that the smart set considers its consumers very well. On the other hand, King George Pizza has also adopted a market oriented culture but its marketing activities pose not been well targeted to the consumers like those of McDonalds.Due to its larger size of operation, MacDonald has adopted a bureaucratic structure that allows for standardization of its trading operations. The company has adopted tall structure in pitch to provide for standardization of operations and decision making process. On the hand, King George Pizza has adopted a pre-bureaucratic structure which lacks standardization with oversight strategies meant to meet the operational unavoidably of the small establishment.The success of McDonalds has been cemented on it culture and organization structure. Since it was established, the company has taken consumer oriented hospitality culture that keeps customers coming for more. McDonald is one of the com panies which use a huge part of their revenues on customer service and advertisement in order to create good relationship with its customers.Apart from the customer oriented culture, the leadership of the company is democratic and ensures inclusion of employees in the decision making process. The company takes its employees as the most important capital as distinguish for its growth. thus McDonald employees are well prompt. The structure of the organization has ensured standardized operations in all its establishments. Although there is prudence control from the head office, the franchises are given independence in decision making process to make decisions which fits their operation (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92).On the other hand, the King George Pizza has adopted an organization culture and structure that fits its operation. standardized MacDonald, the company has a strong consumer oriented culture and although it does not have a customer service department, the employees hav e been well trained on customer service. This has ensured the continued flow of customer to the small establishment in a competitive fast food market. At the same time, the company has adopted the right on structure for its small operations. This structure ensures that there is strong control of the operation of the establishment by the circumspection.Task 2 Approaches to Management and LeadershipManagement shape upes and how they shadower be implementedManagement is one of the most important factions in the organization. Management involves playing key roles of planning and organizing the resources for the organization to lead it to achieve the set goals. Research has documented a correlation between the effectiveness of the management and the overall performance of the organization.There are different set aboutes to management depending on the shape of organization that one is dealing with (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92). One of the most common approaches to management is th e project management. This approach ahs been use for decades although it has been undergoing several changes in the recent past. Under this approach, the management takes the organization as a project that has specific goals and objectives to achieve.Therefore the command principle in the management is the requirements of the project and the fulfillment of the mission needfully of the organization. This approach therefore assumes that the organization runs in cycles like a project and in each cycle, there are specific objectives that have to be leading the attainment of the overall goal. However, this approach is more focused on the technical mission or the technical aspects of the projection and various plans of action and milestones to be achieved are the guiding pillars for the organization.Under this approach, the management takes into consideration activities like aggroup building, budgeting, tracking the tasks as assigned to different undivideds in the organization, revie wing individual performance, and many others. The success of the project or the organization is based on the way it meets its deliverables on the stipulated time and the set budget. This means that this approach is a bit rigid and set to details. To implement this approach, the management has to understand the goals and objectives of the organization and then formulate the necessary plan that will lead the organization to achieve the set goals and objectives.Another common management approach is the Balanced score card approach. This is a strategic planning and management system which is widely used in business, government, non-profit organization, and in other organizations with an aim of positioning the acclivities of the business with the vision and the overall growth strategy. This approach is also aimed at improving the internal and external colloquys and toe monitor the progress in the performance of the organization in light of the set goals.This management approach is also focused on the drivers for the future growth and performance of the organization. To achieve this, the management prioritizes the projects or initiatives which are likely to assist the organization to achieve these goals. In order to implement this approach, the management has to view organization from four different perspectives including the larn and growth perspective, the business process perspective, the customer perspective, and financial perspective (Haas and Wotruba 2003, p. 92).Operational changeAs the U.S economy recede, most companies have been forced to undergo operations changes which are meant to reduce the cost of operation to align with the changing economic condition. The U.S Automotive industry which is on its knees due to threats of bankruptcy has seen a number of players in the industry under various operational changes in order to reduce the cost of operation.With the large burden of meeting the high labor cost, General Motors is one of the companies which as r estructured its operation in a number of ways in order to cut its cost. Although the changes have emanated from the economical meanss which may be beyond the control of the company, it has result to massive layoff and closing down of its plants in order to reduce the cost of operation.However, this has not gone well with UAW which is the trade union representing automotive workers in the US. The issues for confrontation has been the agreement that were made earlier between the company and the worker and even in the current financial crisis, the UAW has refused to let the deal go. Apparently the company could have retained some of the labor force and lowered the rate of pay per hour.At this time we can say the company is in a crisis. Managing change during a crisis is one of the most knockout tasks for any organization. At the time of crisis the organization necessitate to have a strong leadership bearing that does not compromise on the need to bring the organization back to its feet. Therefore authoritative leadership should be used to manage the current restructuring taking place in Ford General Motors. Authoritative leadership would minimize the number of time the management ha s to engage with the employees and the unions since the union has failed to do it the current financial situation of the company.Task 3 Motivational TheoriesIn the 20th century management, the organizational assets were the most important capital for an organization. However, this has drastically changed in the 21st century and employees have become the most important capital for any organization. A well motivated workforce can help an organization to have a competitive edge in the market which other organizations may find difficult to replicate. One of the most important factors in humankind resource management is to ensure the overall satisfaction of the employees. The main duty of human resource management is to ensure that employees are represented in the management and th eir affairs are taken care of.Motivation of the employees is one of the human resource practices that have been shown to increase employee satisfaction and therefore low rate of employee disturbance and higher retention. Different organizations have taken different approaches to employee motivation (Weightman 2008, p. 45). Research has documented that despite the varied methods of employees motivation, monetary incentives remains the most effective. Employee motivation can be described using behavioral and affable approach.According to the behavioral approach, the management take to have a clear understanding of the employees including the incentives and rewards that are used to motivate employees in the company. In this case the managers have a duty of identifying the specific behavior that need to be reinforced in employees. These may involve outstanding performance of the employee, punctuality, neatness, accuracy in completion of tasks and others. Any employee who shows impro vements in these behaviors need to be rewarded to reinforce the development of those positive behaviors.On the other hand, social approaches include the integration of the cognitive and the behavioral aspects. This theory view motivation as a factor produced by two forces including the expectation of the individual to practise at work and the need to gain vicarious experience. Once the management recognizes the individual expectations, then they should provide the approach environment that will help the individual employee to achieve these.According the Maslow hierarchy of needs, we have different needs in our life that has to be fulfilled. The Maslow hierarchy therefore assumes that there are those basic needs that have to be met for the employees to the motivated. The Maslow hierarchy of needs can be used to categorize how employees have different needs that have to be met for them to be motivated (Weightman 2008, p. 45). . The Maslow hierarchy theory starts with the basic needs up to social need. At the bottom there is physiological needs, safety, social, esteem, and self actualization a the topThis means that it is important to recognize the specific needs of the employee that has to be met first according their hierarchy of needs. According to this theory, there are some basic needs that have to be met and in our life, we struggle to meet these needs. This means that our quest in life is to climb up the Maslow hierarchy to meet these needs. Therefore if such needs are not at rest, then individual motivation will arise from to satisfy them. In line with fulfillment of these needs, a business therefore needs to offer different incentives to the workers in order to fulfill the different need as they progress up the ladder.Another theory of motivation is the two factor theory of Hertzberg. Also known as hygiene theory, it emphasizes more on the factors in the working environment which causes satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The following table lists the to p sextuplet factors which cause dissatisfaction and the top six factors causing satisfaction.Factors leading to dissatisfactionLeading to satisfactionCompany policyAchievementSupervisionRecognitionRelationship with the boss deed itselfWork conditionsResponsibilitySalaryAdvancementRelationship with peersGrowthLike Maslow, Hertzberg reasoned that there are different individual needs which can be satisfied by money while there are others which cannot be satisfied by money. He argued that physiological needs or basic needs should be satisfied first while the other physiological needs should be satisfied later (Weightman 2008, p. 45). .The implications of Hertzberg theory assert that the management should not solo meet the hygiene factor to avoid the dissatisfaction of employees but they must also provide other factors which intrinsic to work in order to have satisfied employees. For example IBM, which is one of the most prosperous ICT companies in the world, has taken various strategi es including flexible working schedules, pay per performance, and others in order to motivate their employees. The company takes an order from a client and allocates it to the worker who then works closely with the client to ensure that they meet all the technological challenges given by the client.Task 4 Working with others, squadwork, groups and group dynamicsDifference between teams and groupsIn many instances, we tend to use the work group and team interchangeably. However there are many differences between a tem and a group in the real application of the two. In management we usually stress the importance of team building and not group building. This is because the strength of a team depends on the common purpose and the connectivity of the individual members. On the other hand, the strength of a group come the volume or the willingness to carry out the command given by the leader.In real application, it is very easy to form a group earlier than a team. A group can be formed by individuals of different types and background but eventually it will be very difficult to achieve the commonality between the group members. It is very difficult to build consensus in a group for a leader that it is in a team. unlike a group which is simple to form, a team is quite difficult to form. The members of a team are not selected on the ground of commonality but on the ground of compatibility in different complementary skills. For example a business team can be made up of an accountant, a salesman, secretary, and others. every(prenominal) member plays a different role but which are integrated to achieve a common goal. Unlike in a group, there is no room for conflicts in a team.The role of teams in a small and a big organization differs in some aspects although all the teams have the same role of achieving a set goal. However, teams in a small organization may be easier to form and evaluate and their process of work may be simpler due to the size of their operation. On the other hand, teams in a larger organization may take time to form since all members have to be consulted. Their process of work may be a bit difficult since they have a large operation to cover.Application of Tuckman and Jensen team development deterrent exampleTuckman and Jensen present us with four represents which define group development. Although the process can be subconscious, the four stages present the process which all groups go through in their formation.The first stage is the forming stage in which the individual behavior is defined by the desire to be accepted by other members of the team (McGrath and Tschan 2004, p. 61). At this stage, serious issues, feelings, controversy, or conflict are usually avoided. The individuals get more focused on adapting to their roles and gather information about others.The next stage is storming stage in which the group remains good to the other only when important issues are addressed. There are minor confrontations which are deal t with or are ignored. These conflicts are related to work or relationship in the group. The next stage is the norming stage in which the rules of engagement for the group member are established. At this stage, members understands the other well and the experience the efforts and experience of the other. However, individuals at this stage are resistance to change especially from outside for fear of group break up (McGrath and Tschan 2004, p. 61).The stretch forth stage is the performing stage which not many groups usually reach this stage. This stage is characterized by interdependence and flexibility and every group member understand their role and trust each other. The group identity, loyalty and the performance are high as members become task oriented.How communication methods can affect team performance in a large multi national organization.Communication is one of the most important factors for optimum performance of an organization. The communication process helps the organiz ations to pass important operation details from one department to the other. The communication structure in an organization is also very important since determines the flow of information from the management to the employees. The communication structure in an organization should ensure the smooth flow of information between the dyad in the work place. However, communication methods can affect team performance in multinational organizations.In most multinational organizations, the teams may be allocated to a certain function far away from the managements of the organization. This means that the team may be faced with the difficulty of enquiring important details regarding their duties from the management. At the same time, there is a high likelihood that the team will be made up of individuals using different languages. This means that the team will require an interpreter for it to function effectively (McGrath and Tschan 2004, p. 61). While forming teams for multinational organizati ons, language obstruction should be one of the most important factors to consider.BibligraphyHaas, R.W. Wotruba, T.R 2003, Management Concepts, Practice and Cases, Texas Business Publications, IncMcGrath, J. E., Tschan, F 2004, Temporal matters in social psychology Examining the role of time in the lives of groups and individuals. Washington, DC American Psychological AssociationWeightman, J 2008, The Employee Motivation Audit, Cambridge Strategy Publications

Research Study Quantitative

Research Study QuantitativeQuestion 1 aspires and benefits of sections of Independent studyMy independent study is related to denary look into model. Purpose of the quantitative look is to do numerical summaries, generalizations across populations and comparisons between populations. It includes few inconstants (Delay time, work order, number of different products) and many cases (Five sets of averation with severally set consisting of 500 products). These quantitative research methods use experimental designs. The various experimental methodologies areQuasi Experimental functionsRCT Randomized Controlled TrialsBaseline DataPosttest lone(prenominal) DesignLongitudinal DesignOut of these experimental methodologies, my study falls under randomized controlled trails, where I generate a random information of cardinal sets all(prenominal) set consisting of 500 different kinds of products.IntroductionPurpose The exercise of my study introduction is to provide background in songation for the readers for the research reported in the study. It establishes a framework for the research, so that readers can ascertain how it is related to other research (Cres salubrious, 2003 p.73). It as well establishes the issue or concern leading to the research by conveying information ab issue a research problem (Creswell, 2003 p.74). In this, the problem is best addressed by understanding the factors or variables which are the mathematical process time, product order that influence an outcome delay time (Creswell, 2003 p.75). It provides the understanding of the problem that explains or relates to an outcome delay time and alleviates the detective best understand and explain the problem wherefore the delay time is to be minimized (Creswell, 2003 p. 76).The research problem in the studyGuiding research questionsReviewed studies addressing the problemDeficiencies in past times literature and limitationsImportance of a study for an audienceBenefits By writing an operationive introduction chapter, a reader can invention out the problem leading to the study i.e., how the delay time is optimized by arranging the production work order, reviewing the literature astir(predicate) the problem to find whether there are any related theories that is through with(p) by other investigators, identifying deficiencies in the literature about the problem, targeting audiences and notifying the significance of the problem for this audience (Creswell, 2003 p.73).Literature ReviewPurpose The drive of the literature review is to share with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported (Creswell, 2003 p.29). It relates a study to the larger current dialogue in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies (Cooper, 1984 Marshall Rossman, 1999). It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study as well as a benchmark for comparing the results of a study with other findings. All or some of these reasons may be the foundation for writing the scholarly literature into a study (Miller, 1991).Benefits The literature review helps to substantiate the problem and also suggests possible questions or hypotheses that need to be addressed (Creswell, 2003 p.46).MethodologyPurpose The consumption of methodology chapter is to bring focus on survey and experimental modes of interrogative. You will also explain the methodology you are using, why you chose that methodology and why you chose not to use other methods. The method that was utilise to collect data is explained in detail like how did I generated random data of five sets with each set consisting of 500 products using Microsoft Excel ad procedure I followed to find the real-time delay time. The reader will exactly spot what was done with the collected data, to the point that he or she can replicate the study to get similar results.Benefits With the help of methodology chapter, audiences can recogn ize the variation that exists in the qualitative, quantitative and mixed method studies, why I chose a quantitative study for the research problem I defined then it advances general road map for procedures of the study. These guidelines include a discussion about the general characteristics of the study if the audiences are not familiar with the approach to research.(Source Classroom material by Dr. Lynda Kenney)ResultsPurpose The purpose of results chapter is to make a well-unionized and objective presentation of the results by examining the collected data and application of either the descriptive or inferential statistical methods. Then the tables, graphs and figures of the examine data are also presented for sufficient support description to permit the reader to interpret them quickly and accurately (Leedy Ormrod, 2005).Benefits The benefits of the results chapter is for readers to quickly interpret the conclusions and significance with the help of the tables, graphs, charts an d figures obtained from the interpretation and outline of the data.Flow ChartPurpose The purpose of the flow chart is to explain the process of optimization of the production work order in a step-by-step process that is described in the study.Benefits It makes the readers understand easily at a glance what has done in the entire study. It also helps the research worker to make and follow the created flow chart while analyzing the data.DiscussionPurpose The purpose of the discussion chapter is to highlight the main theories and conclusion used in the research study so that a reader can easily figure out what theories the researcher used in implementing and analyzing the data. Each major conclusion is distinctly explained and compared with the results of the similar work by other investigators. Then, the researcher continually connects her findings with the theoretical frameworks. Any new or unusual results are also explained(Leedy Ormrod, 2005). If the researcher is not sure abou t the significance of the results or could not understand the phenomenon of the data, it is sometimes worthwhile to present a speculative discussion outlining several possible outcomes by alerting the readers that such a discussion is speculative.Benefits The benefits of the discussion chapter are to make grand conclusions which support the subsequent paragraphs. Here, the entire conclusions, implications or the effects due to each conclusion including the minor and major effects are presented. The discussion also includes the method of computation or derivation of the study. Such situation arises when one figure is derived from preceding figures. If the application or method is involved, then a complete example with the method is to be explained for complete understanding to the reader. Finally, explained the significance and outcomes of the study.ConclusionsPurpose The purpose of the conclusions chapter is to make a summary of the conclusions that are presented in previous chapte r. The researcher also points out both what are found and what are not found. It is also the section examined by the prospective reader with limited available time (Leedy Ormrod, 2005). Benefits Although the researcher has previously presented each of the conclusions, conclusions chapter tell us the reader the ultimate effect or the benefit of the study. In my study, I have explained how the delay time is minimized or optimized by arranging the production work order so that it is quite helpful to readers, who might easily lose track of some important conclusions as they read earlier portions of a study(Leedy Ormrod, 2005). In addition to this, a prospective reader will able to quickly examine the research in limited time. I explained the benefits of my study that findings of this research will aid industries, retails stores by demonstrating how the algorithm is currently used, and how retail stores can assist customers to implement universal algorithm. Industries may benefit from models of evaluating arrangement of parts of a product on an company line.Question 2Framework Elements of ResearchFor every research proposal, a definite framework exists to follow a certain pattern. Creswell (2003) suggested that from lots of different types and cost in the literature, he focused on three approaches quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approach. The first two has been available for decades, and the last is new and still developing in form and substance. To understand them, we need to consider three framework elements philosophical assumption about what constitute association claims, general procedures of research called strategies of inquiry, and detailed procedure of data collection, analysis and writing, called methods.For that Creswell (2003) proposed (which was developed by Crotty) three questions to the design of researchWhat knowledge claims are being made by the researcher?What strategies of inquiry will inform the procedures?What methods of data collection and analysis will be used?Framework Elements of Quantitative ResearchKnowledge claimsStating a knowledge claim means that researcher start with a project with certain assumptions about how we will learn and what we will learn during their inquiry. These are called as paradigms. Philosophically, researchers make claims about what is knowledge (ontology), how we know it (epistemology), what values go into it (axiology), how we write about it (rhetoric), and the process for studying it (methodology). There are four schools for knowledge claims as what follow. Those are post positive knowledge claims, socially constructed knowledge claims, advocacy or participatory knowledge claims and finally pragmatic knowledge claims.For quantitative research, the knowledge claims are post positivism which includes determination, reductionism, verifiable observation and respectment, and theory verification. Post positivism refers the thinking after positivism challenging the absolute tr uth and recognizing that we can not be positive about claims of knowledge when studying the behaviors and action of human. Traditionally, the post confident(p) assumptions have cited claims about what pictures knowledge. Post positivism reflects in determining the effects or outcomes, examining the causes that reflect the outcomes by doing experiments, reducing the ideas into a small, set of ideas to test such as variables that constitute hypothesis and research questions, developing numeric measures of observations and studying the behavior of individuals. The problem examine by post positivist reflects a need to examine causes that influence outcomes. It is also reductionism testing selected variables that constitute hypothesis and research questions, so it is based on careful observation and measurement of the objective reality in the world. Researching is for test or refining the existing laws or theories.Strategies of inquiryA stage of inquiry in quantitative research includ es numerical summaries, generalizations across populations and comparisons between populations.Strategies of inquiry provide specific designs for procedures in the research design. Like knowledge claims, strategies have work out over the years as the computer technology has pushed forward data analysis and the baron to analyze complex models. Strategies associated with quantitative research were those that invoked the post positivist perspectives. These include true experiments and less vigorous experiments called quasi-experiments and correlational studies (Campbell Stanley, 1963), and specific single-subject experiments (Cooper, heron, Heward, 1987). But, these days, quantitative research strategies involved complex experiments with many variables and treatments like factorial designs and repeated measure designs. Strategies associated with quantitative approach areExperiment It is about random assignment of subject to treatment conditions and includes quasi-experiment with no nrandomized design. My study used experimental strategy for generating the randomized data and analyzing the data with Microsoft office tools.Non-experimental designs, such as Surveys it is studying by using questionnaires or structured interviews with the intent of generalizing from sample to a population. These include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or structured interviews for data collection, with the intent of generalizing from a sample to a population (Babbie, 1990)Research methodsThe third major element that goes into a research approach is the specific methods of data collection and analysis. For quantitative research, the research methods I used are predetermined instrument based questions such as military operation data, attitude data, observational data and census statistical data using Microsoft Excel. I considered full range of possibilities for data collection in the study by organizing these research methods with the use of closed-ended versus pen-ended questions and their focus on numeric versus non-numeric data analysis.Question 5Validity and generalizability aspects of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods researchQualitative research rigorousnessThe degree to which the interpretations of the data accurately describe the phenomenon under investigation is known as stiffness. Validity is seen as a strength of the qualitative study which is used in determining whether the findings are accurate from the standpoint of the researcher, the participant, or the readers (Creswell Miller, 2000).In addition to validity, the terms used are trustworthiness, authenticity, and credibility. There are eight primary strategies, organized from most frequently used and easy to implement to those occasionally used to and difficult to implement. Various qualitative procedures should be used to make a research validate. Some of the procedures are qualitative research paradigm and ethnographic research design.Methods for est ablishing the validity areNegative case analysis Presenting the negative or mismated information that runs counter to the themes Audit trail Clarifying the preconception the researcher brings to the studyProlonged field experience Spending prolonged time in the field to develop an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under studyData triangulation triangulate different data sources of information by examining evidence from the sources and using it to build a coherent justificationMember checking to determine the accuracy of the qualitative findingsRich, thick descriptionQuantitative research validityThe degree to which the evidence supports that the interpretations of the data are correct and that the manner in which the interpretations are used is appropriate.Threats to validity There are several threats to the validity that raise the potential issues about the researcher ability to conclude the intervention affects of an outcome. They are internal threats, external thre ats, statistical conclusion threats, and construct validity threats.Internal validity threats are experimental procedures, treatments, or experiences of the participants that menace the researchers ability to draw correct inferences from the data in an experiment. These involve due to inadequate procedures like changing the instrument or a tool during an experiment, changing the control group participants under study etc.External validity threats arise when the researcher draws incorrect inferences from the sample data to other persons, other settings, and past or future situations. Statistical conclusion validity arises when experimenters draw inaccurate inferences from the data because of inadequate statistical power or the violation of the assumptions.Construct validity threat arises when investigators use inadequate definitions and measure of variables.Methods of establishing validityExperiment reviewData triangulationParticipant feedbackRegression analysisStatistical analysis Types of validity evidenceContentConstructCriterionConsequentialProcedureA researcher need to describe in detain the procedure for conducting the experiments ad the reader should be able to see the design being used, the observation, the treatment, and the timeliness of activities. Typical steps used for the procedure are follows. dole outing the measures of the dependent variable or a variable that closely correlated with the dependent variable to the research participants.Assign participants to the matched duos on the basis of their scoresRandomization. Randomly assign one member of each pair to the experimental group and other member to the control groupExpose experimental group to experimental treatment and alternative treatment to control group.Administer measures of the dependent variables to the experimental and control groupsCompare the performance of the experimental and control groups.Statistical analysisA reader should be able to identify understandably the statistical a nalyses that are used in the experiment. Various statistical analyses that can be performed during the study areDescriptive analysis reporting the means, standard deviations and ranges.inferential analysis- performing the hypothesis tests using t tests, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, or multivariate analysis of variance. A researcher can also use the factorial designs, both interaction and main effects of ANOVA.Mixed methods researchExamine potential sources of geological fault and ask Chance Random error in sample distribution from a population.1. Type I (alpha) error The probability of falsely saying that there is a difference between two populations.2. Type II (beta) error The probability of falsely saying that there is no difference between two populations.How (in what direction) would the threats to validity affect the findings?Bias Systematic distortion1. Selection bias Systematic slant in how subjects are assembled or retained for study2. Information bias Sys tematic distortion from inaccuracy in measurement or compartmentalization of study variablesWere potential sources of error adequately controlled in the design and analysis?Confounding Misattribution of cause and effectHow do validity concerns affect your interpretation or application of the data?In the DesignStudy design appropriate for the question B,CAdequate power AComplete accounting of eligible patients B1 chit of information and Blinding B2Multiple control groups B,CRandomization, Restriction and matching CIn the AnalysisBest case / worst case scenario and Sensitivity analysis B,CAdjustment B1,CMathematical modeling CA Reduces the role of chance B1 Reduces selection bias B2 Reduces information bias C Reduces confoundingReferencesCreswell, J. W. 2003. Research Design Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE. Thousand Oaks. USA.Leedy, P. D., Ormrod, J. E., (2005). Practical Research Planning and Design. PEARSON. Columbus. Ohio.Olds, B., Moskal, B. Mille r, R. Assessment in Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education , to appear Jan. 2005.Moskal, B., Leydens, J. Pavelich, M. Validity, reliability and the judgement of engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education , Vol. 91, No. 3, 351-354, 2002.

Oldtown Expansion Strategies

Oldt give Expansion StrategiesThe OldTown Groups (OldTown) was established in 1999 by Executive Directors, Mr. Goh Ching Mun and Mr. Tan Say Yap, who puzzle breakulated OldTown own blend of 3-in-1 instant white coffee bean. (OldTown, 2012) OldTown commenced their job as a classic coffee shop of 3 in 1 instants white coffee in Ipoh, Malaysia under Old Town White Coffee punctuate name since 2005. At the following years, OldTown is divided into two segments of food assistances which be turbulent moving consumer cheeseparings (FMCG) and food and beverage (FB). At the end of year 2011, Old Town has 196 caf outlets in different countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Ind whizsia and china. These 196 caf outlets are comprised of 79 to the full owned caf outlets, 18 adjournially owned caf outlets, 96 certificationd outlets and 3 licensed outlets. Besides, Old Town has manufactured the beverage products and merchandiseed to worldwide countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwa n, USA, and Canada. (OldTown yearbook get over, 2011) According to OldTown (2012), the latest updated information showed that OldTown has expanded to 205 caf outlets.The goal of OldTown is to let everyone enjoy every slip of authentic Malaysian Ipoh White Coffee, anytime, anywhere. (OldTown, 2012) in that respectfore, OldTown ordain continue to lance the high quality products to guests for collective vision of creating to be Asia Pacifics Leading White Coffee producer in providing high quality product to customers globally. (OldTown, 2012) The mission of OldTown is to conjure up their Unique Malaysian Taste- the authentic Ipoh White Coffee and continue White Coffee Legacy through continuous improvement and innovation that exceeds customer expectations. (OldTown, 2012) On the different hand, according to the OldTown (2012), the core values consist of consistency, continuity and growth, maestroity and creativity, respect diversities and traditions, as well as ethics and integ rity. Besides, they adopt integrated line of descent strategies and concentrate on on five key components. The commencement component is to build up strong vane equity and keep customer loyalty by beef up and promoting OLDTOWN differentiate name. Second component is to continue in expansion of caf network through franchise programmed locally and internationally and rely on establishment of their fully owned outlets. Third component is to strengthen the position as an operator of a major caf chain. Fourth component is to continue in development of a overbold and innovative product. Last component is to establish high standards of the quality products and services consistently to exceed the benchmark standard of quality and customers expectations. (OldTown yearbook Report, 2011)2.0 genuine expansion schemeOldTown adopts different expansion strategies such as franchise, licensed, art objectially-owned and fully-owned strategies in different countries which include Malaysia, Singapore, China and Indonesia. (OldTown Annual Report, 2011). OldTown more focus in adopting franchise strategies since this strategy brings more succeederes to expand caf network either locally and internationally in spite of fully relying on the establishment of fully-owned outlets. (OldTown Annual Report, 2011)OldTown is implementing export of the products to early(a) countries. Exporting allows OldTown to gain competitive advantages which are increasing the products sales performance, market shares as well as profitability (Piercy, Kaleka and Katsikeas, 1998). OldTown exports the beverages products similarly can expose the punctuate name and attract more customers from different regions. On top of that, trade as well allows OldTown to expand the customers base in global market. (Kaleka, 2011).On the other hand, trade requires high transport fees. The cost of shipping may be a serious issue for OldTown. Shipping costs can make exporting uneconomical especially when the p roducts are export in high volume. Furthermore, OldTown is depending on the fluctuation of transportation costs. The transport or shipping fees keep on increasing forthwith in exporting goods cod to economic downturn, inflation and financial crisis. Ultimately, OldTown should be more concerns about this issue since this could be a drawback for export sales.According to Combss instruct (2004), in franchising strategy, an agreement is held by two independent parties whereby franchisor grants the right to franchisee to run the business in return of annual loyalty in monetary form (as cited in Miles, Aaron, Jeremy, Kelly and Di Wu, 2011). In other words, franchising is a legal regulation activity and requires compliance with federal and state franchise laws. According to the Buckless study (2011), franchising allows the franchisors to gain fortune to entry the new markets by attracting the potential franchisees.OldTown chooses master franchise as its form of franchising is due to fr anchising is the most popular modal value of entry into distant and heathen dissimilar market in Asia. Franchise agencyl as well provides scale to the company. OldTown currently owns 85 franchised caf outlets and one licensed cafe outlet in Malaysia. Revenues from these franchised outlets are earned through the initial franchise fees (RM 80k), the sales of Old towns produces, the royalties (5% of revenues) and the AP fees (3% of revenues). (Oldtown Berhad, 2011). OldTown is required to work with well-experiencing franchise lawyer to successfully establish the franchisee strategy.In order to slew the business essays, OldTown internationalizes the business by expanding the caf outlets to the close countries (Aliouche and Schlentrich, 2011). Previously, OldTown is expanded from Malaysia to Singapore which is physically close to the home arena. Singapore has the similar cultures with Malaysia. Cultural factors power sum up the risk to the developing corporation in contrasted mar ket in accordance to Broutherss study (2002) (as cited in Aliouche and Schlentrich, 2011). The franchisors normally prefer to expand the businesses that have geographical and ethnical similarities to the host country (Aliouche and Schlentrich, 2011). According to Aliouche and Schlentrich (2011), the corporation will then move gradually to the distant ones after successfully internationalize to the close country, as OldTown has. OldTown has successfully standing in Singapore with the good reputation of the products and services. After that, OldTown targeted the China and the Indonesia market.OldTown White Coffee is definitely successful in locals where it earns Industry Excellence represent in Malaysia which organized by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) as at 24th March 2011. Besides that, at the selfsame(prenominal) year and date, OldTown in like manner received Product Excellent Award organized by MITI, Putra Brand Award 2011 and 2012 ( battalion choice specia l mention) in 2011 and 2012, and so forth (Old Town Annual repor, 2011). All these recent evidences had showed that OldTown is quite successful in locally.Based on the evidence from the study (William and James, 2009), franchising and fully-owned strategies could inspection and repair in cut down costs of finding and observe the outlet manager. In the words of Bradach (1997), the fully-owned strategy aids in standardization franchising gives a strong motive to locals managers (franchisee) and they are motivated to keep on improve the caf outlets to make it as profitable as possible (as cited in William and James, 2009). In other words, OldTown does not command to pull off the franchisee closely in protecting the franchisors run across and reputation. In short, franchising allowed OldTown (franchisor) to expand and minimize the monitoring cost (William James, 2009).Besides, franchising strategy also helps to expand number of OldTown customer with faster pace (Edwards, 2011). OldTown grants the right to franchisee to operate in different countries. Therefore, by expanding the caf outlet in other geographical areas, this also helps OldTown to raise the customer awareness. In addition, OldTown always emphasize on brand equity. Hence, OldTown is promoting the brand name OLDTOWN through the expansion strategies. These strategies might help OldTown to gain the customers loyalty and successfully build up the brand equity, not only in Malaysia except also in other countries for instance, Singapore.Aside from these, franchising also helps OldTown to enhance competitiveness in food and beverage industry (Holmes, 2003 Joseph, 2011). Franchising spreads the risk through other people investment in different locations. Franchisee normally is the one who responsible for the loan, debt and so on, and hence, OldTown basically can minimize risk in expanding the businesses. OldTown has better expansion networks for the caf outlets since 2005, from a small, humble coffee caf to 196 caf outlets chain. Thus, OldTown generally could obtain the advantage of loyalties and raise the brand recognition through the ease of this type expansion strategy (Chris, 2011).By the same token, there might have a few of risks that could be faced by OldTown in adopting the franchising. The main disadvantage for OldTown in using franchise strategy is that it can be considered quite costly for the potential franchisee. Once it is implemented, franchises fee charge and ongoing royalties would cut the profits of franchisees (Sim, 2008). Besides the initial fee for agreement, original franchise fees, annual royalties, as well as a percentage of franchises business revenue, franchisees also required to pay the extra monthly fees for the franchisor (Adrian, 2010). As part of the continuing franchise agreement, on-going fees are needed to pay to the franchisor for the support, training and development which are provided by the franchisor. In the long term, it will become a bre astwork to the amount of profit for the franchisee. Besides, the franchisor also may charge additional fees for services provided to the franchisee, such as the cost of advertising (Ward, 2012). Besides that, franchising also will evidence the lose control right problem when the new franchisees become part of the franchise system. Sometimes, the franchisees are forced to make their own decisions in the uncertainty situation, and they might need to change the policies without make the earlier notification to the franchisor. In fact, franchisor only owns limited power to control the franchise branch and how the business runs.Furthermore, the established rules and the part of the franchise agreement, for instance, the ways of the business operation are already set up by the franchisor, it is rarely for a new franchisee to operate the business extraneous of these borders (Adrian, 2010). Hence, the franchisee will likely to follow the majority practices of OldTown to run the business. As a result, franchising limits the creativity of the franchisee (Sim, 2008). By adopting franchising, the issue of communications gap may arise amid the OldTown and franchisee. Franchisees must follow the correct directions in order to maintain the brands image, the high level of service and so forth. If the franchisor and franchisee did not communicate well, franchisee may have construe and run the business without the proper direction. Moreover, if the franchisee unable to run the business with good quality or proper funding, it could curtail success and it will create a very unfavourable business environs as well. The actions and decisions of franchisees are very important be causality these will definite affect the OldTowns reputation, image, profession, as well as customer preference. The franchisee would rely on the brand of the business to bring a bunch of customers but OldTown is the one who need to undertake the risk. If the franchisee harms the OldTown image by serving the paltry quality foods and services to the customers, it will knock on the effect of the own business. Ultimately, this could potentially damage the sales and overall profits (Adrian, 2010).According to the OldTown Annual Report (2011), the OldTown products such as beverages are more focused on the market segment which comprising professionals, managers, businessman in the age group between 30 to 50 years old. Most of the people concern with healthy conscious nowadays, Old Town also introduced healthier choices of beverage products into the marketplace, such as 2 in 1 No Sugar Added and 3 in 1 with Natural Cane Sugar coffee products. However, due to different countries have different needs, OldTown cannot oversee and control all the businesses includes the franchise outlets.Last but not least, franchise outlets need to invest in various promotion tools such as advertising, promotional and marketing campaigns to increase the OldTowns brand image as well as to enhance its brand e quity value in the marketplace. These promoting activities will need a huge amount of money in order to attract the customer and retain the old customers.3.0 Future Expansion StrategyThere are slightly recommendations for OldTowns future expansion strategies. OldTown can continue the current strategies (franchising and exporting) and the new recommend strategies ( mutual venture and strategic alliances).3.1 FranchisingOldTown is using the franchising as the entry mode strategy to come upon the rapid and low-cost market expansion, either in locally or internationally. Franchising allows OldTown to get the inflow of franchise fees to expand its markets. All of the premises, equipment and all other works capital that are needed to establish a franchise unit are invested by the franchisee. Besides, OldTown also able to receive the royalty fees from the franchisees. (OldTown, 2012)OldTown is relieved of some of the costs and risks through this entry mode. OldTown can achieve global pr esence quickly and reduce the risk and cost of doing business via franchising, as McDonalds has. Thus, this strategy should be continued by OldTown since it had good achievements with this entry mode. (OldTown, 2012)Furthermore, OldTown would establish as master franchisee in other markets. Master franchising depend the quality of the local partner to success in another nation. Thus, OldTown should find the right local partner and sell the master franchising rights. For instance, McDonalds, KFC and others are established a master franchisee in particular country or region. (Daszkowski, 2012) Master franchisee of OldTown will oversee the management and reduce the quality control challenge in other new markets. Other than that, master franchisee also can monitor the performance of the franchisees.In fact, there are many laws and regulations implied on franchising. Different nations have different requirements in this mode of entry. The franchisor shall satisfy the 2+1 requirement in o rder to develop a franchise in China. The requirement means the franchisor need to own two outlets of the franchise business for more than one year. (Philip, 2010). Franchising is a new business concept in Kazakhstan and is not leveraged to its full extent. It is an opportunity for the OldTown to franchising the brand to this country. The Kazakhstani entrepreneurs find it easier to work with Russian franchisors instead of other countries franchisors. This is due to both Kazakhstan and Russian share the same language and similar tastes, ultimately reduce the localization costs in mise en scene new franchise. (Parshina, 2009) This would be a threat for OldTown to expand its franchise into Kazakhstan. OldTown should able to justify the benefits, risks and costs before enter the particular nation.3.2 ExportingOldTown is pursuing the exporting as the one of the mode of entry to expand to other countries. OldTown is success to expand its brand through this strategy and OldTown is encoura ged to continue this mode of entry. OldTown commenced the introductory export of OLDTOWN brand of 3-in-1 instant coffee mix to Singapore in 2001. The following years, OldTown success to expand the export markets to over 13 countries. (OldTown, 2012) Exporting allows OldTown to increase sales and profits by fully utilize the use of existing capacities. Besides, exporting also allows OldTown to gain new knowledge and experience about the foreign countries technologies, marketing techniques and foreign competitors. (Tekle, 2007)In Malaysia, OldTown distributed the coffee mix through major hypermarkets and supermarkets (OldTown, 2012). OldTown may consider using this type distribution channel in other countries. However, OldTown needs to handle all the logistic of the transaction and spend extra costs to export the products since the transport costs are high. (Delaney, 2012) Besides the transport costs, OldTown also need to pay attention on the costs from high tariff barriers which set by the particular nation. (Hill, 2011)Additionally, OldTown obtained the HALAL certification from the Islamic Religious subdivision of Perak for the Groups beverages in 2002. The beverages of OldTown are complied with the Islamic Law. (OldTown, 2012) This certificate also provides extra opportunity for OldTown to export the coffee mix to Islamic countries.3.3 Joint venturesOldTown can use joint ventures to enter a foreign market other than using franchising market entry mode in expanding the business. Joint venture is the establishment of a potent that is jointly owned by two or more otherwise independent firms (Johnson, 2000). OldTown can joint venture with Chatime in Australia in penetrating their starting line new market in Western country. Chatime had operated in Australia since 2009 and now has over 30 stores Australia-wide (CHATIME Autralia, 2011). Moreover, Chatime are growing fast in term of opening one new store each month on average (CHATIME Autralia, 2011). Based on C hatimes record in successful penetration to foreign market, OldTown can wrap up to Australia by joint venture with Chatime.Joint ventures will help OldTown in getting local partners knowledge regards the host country competitive condition, language, cultures, political systems, and business systems. If OldTown expands their business without further exploring to the particular country history, competitive condition, political systems, business systems and cultures, OldTown will face split of barrier to entry to the new market. This will also cause OldTown to have a wrong timing of entry or loss the opportunity chance in penetrating to the particular foreign market. (Hill Hernandez-Requejo, 2011) In addition, joint venture is good to be practiced by OldTown due to the costs and risks of opening a foreign market are shared. It can help OldTown in reducing the unavoidable costs such as initial capital requirement, transportation costs, advertising costs, operational costs, and extra cost charge by the certain local government for set up a new business in country. Therefore, by having a partner in reducing the costs, OldTown will face lesser risks for setting up the business in new market at foreign country. (Hill Hernandez-Requejo, 2011)Other than that, joint venture also allows OldTown to take up about a new market environment. If OldTown can success to become an insider in the country, it may help OldTown to increase the level of commitment and exposure in future. This will help OldTown to improve the image and reputation. Besides, OldTown also can penetrate to other foreign market in future with easier way and reduce lots of entry barriers. (Keegen Green, 2011) From this point of view, by joint venture with Chatime, it will help OldTown in building up their brand name.Although joint venture may cause the company do not have the tight control over subsidiaries that it might need to realize the experience curve or location economies. But, due to OldTowns m anagement team is led by professionals and founders who have more than 20 years experience in the particular industry, it is believed that OldTown management team is more than resourceful and passionate to anchor OldTown towards more successes in the future. (Kenanga Research, 2012)3.4 Strategic alliancesThe changes in political, economic, social cultural and technological environments make strategic alliances have the relative importance for a company to choose as an entry mode to foreign countries (Keegen Green, 2011). China businesses are stable and growing (OSK Research, 2012). OldTown intends to replicate the popularity of its coffee brand from Hong Kong to China with promoting the OldTown brand (OSK Research, 2012). OldTown found that the FB business in China is well carrying by having average spend per customer of 40-50% higher than the businesses in Malaysia (OSK Research, 2012).Other than that, demands of OldTown FMCG products remain tough. In addition, with the new added menu such as soup, OldTown found that China prospects seem capable at this point in time for penetration (OSK Research, 2012). OldTown believe that its business in China have to expand more rapidly than its competitors to ensure its company foundation can be strongly build (OSK Research, 2012).OldTown is setting up a new food processing centre as part of its expansion in penetrating Chinese food and beverage market in China (Ho, 2012). OldTown can use strategic alliances as their entry mode in penetrating to China, forming a strategic alliance with concealed Recipe in China. Secret Recipe had successfully established its brand name in China by virtue of its fine quality cakes, fusion food and distinctive service (Secret Recipe, 2012). This strategic alliance also allow OldTown in gaining extra knowledge from Secret Recipe regards the culture, political, and economic system in China without carry out a costly detailed research in China (Keegen Green, 2011).There are several advant ages of using strategic alliance as the entry mode for OldTown in penetrating to foreign country. The advantages are sharing benefits of alliance as well as control performance of assigned tasks, long-term strategies is formed between two companies, and retain national and ideological identities when competing in markets not covered by alliance. (Hill Hernandez-Requejo, 2011)4.0 ConclusionThere must be reason when local coffee shop like OldTown able to success in highly competitive market. OldTown do not bond itself in its current expansion strategy, like franchise, fully-owned outlets and export the products. Meanwhile, depending on 1 expansion strategy is less flexible and too risky. OldTown current strategies had lots of advantages as well as drawbacks. Firstly, Franchising is a popular mode of entry to local and the foreign market. OldTown master franchise because of high revenues get from initial franchise fees, royalties, sales and AP fees. Next, export the products could gai n competitive advantages by exposing their brand name and attract more customers from different regions by raising customer awareness, expand the customers base in global market.While, both franchising and fully-owned strategies, has advantage OldTown in reducing costs, attract for recruitment and attract potential franchisee. In the other side, Franchising also bring drawbacks like franchisee has limited freedom and creativity was limited by franchisor. There may be communications gap between franchisor and franchisees in decisions making and it could ruined the name of franchisors. Normally, company will be choosing to expand to close countries first because of the similarity in terms of geographically and culturally. OldTown needs to have product creativity to fulfill different country needs, and customer in different segments.It is good to continue the franchising and exporting strategy for OldTown since both strategies bring lots of positive outcomes, gains and profits. Both st rategies had relieved many of the costs and risks, both strategies should be continued by OldTown since it had good achievements with this entry mode. Between Joint Venture and Strategic alliances is the potential of OldTown to expand to foreign countries, Joint venture could reduce the barrier to entry, reducing the necessary costs such as extra cost charge by the certain local government, in the mean time, increase the level of exposure of OldTown in that particular country. Strategic alliances enable OldTown to have long term strategy business in other country.Business nowadays is not only need to focus on customer and service, OldTown needs to follow the latest business trend and be flexible in showing high adaptability to changes. Besides, OldTown has seen the importance of contributions to the community, environment and its investors, as well as the business ethical for its well name or reputations.

International Students And Global Education Sociology Essay

International Students And Global Education Sociology EssayThere is a far-flung recognition and belief that our increasingly inter marryed and interdependent globular society mandates that students be educated to develop habits of the mind that embrace tolerance, a commitment to cooperation, an detainment of our greens kindity, and a sense of responsibility. The international students are the future leader of tomorrow. Understanding globular issues is critical to the students across the global as they endeavor to incite democratic principles and social justice, improve our economic competitiveness, and provide leadership in the future. However, not enough is universe done in public schools and classrooms to expose students to global issues. Research shows that more than or less Ameri finish students lag behind their peers in other countries in their acquaintance of arena geography, foreign languages, and cultures ( National Geographic-Roper, 2002). Our curriculum must sus tain a paradigm shift recognizing that in order to be truly globally competitive our teachers must be globally competent. Educating young people to turn global citizens go push through allow them to learn about the interdependence of the worlds systems, believe that solutions to global challenges are attainable, and feel morally compelled to confront global injustices and chair trustworthy action to promote a just, peaceful and sustainable world. If we truly aspire to have a world-class education that connects and recognizes that what we do affects other humans in the world, we must engage with the world. The challenges that face the world today-from global p everywherety and humour change to financial systems and conflict-require globally-minded solutions (OMeara, 1997). Knowledge of these skills is necessary so that young people substructure invent a future that appropriately addresses global challenges.These young international students must achieve global competence in a ddressing international issues as surface as gaining the ability to blend with people of diverse cultural backgrounds. Teaching for global connectedness should be grounded in the personal experiences of the student and her/his community. Teachers must be able to help students to connect global issues with daily life experiences. According to Ryan and Durning (1997) students ought to consider the impact of their daily consumption (and garbage) on the lives of other people and places in the world the consumption of coffee, newspapers, t-shirts, shoes, car, computer, hamburger, french-fries and cola are traced from their origins done the inequities of the production process to the consequences of waste products. Teachers must approach global education from different perspectives, says Merry Merryfield, dude professor of social studies and global education at The Ohio State University. For examplesome teachers have the rationale that, in order to compete in a global economy, student s pauperism a global perspectivebut others want to make the world a better place in terms of the milieu and social justice. thus far others want to promote cross-cultural understanding. Each of these is a valid approach, says Merryfield, as long as teachers emphasize multiple perspectives and global interdependence (Rasmussen, 1998, p.2).Teachers also need to have the competences they are trying to teach students. Our college preps do not prepare teachers to be globally competent. Understanding global issues makes teachers more apt to guiding students in the global challenges that face their countries of origin. Given the fragile state of the world and the level of continued destruction, more emphasis should be given to preparing students to become stewards of the earth and participants in democracy for global social justice. Authentic learning occurs when students from diverse cultures meet and work together, especially when they have equal status and col rideative goals that ha ve centre in their lives (Johnson Johnson, 1992). Global educators find ways to cast up their students experiences with people different from themselves through work with international students from local universities, immigrant organizations in the community, service learning projects, exchanges through e-mail or videos, and taking students overseas (Wilson, 1993). In a 10th grade world history, a unit on the Middle East, some teachers may motivate students by presenting exotic images- much(prenominal) as the harem, polygamy, belly dancing, Arab sheiks, and camel races-and may fail to challenge students comments that stereotype all Arabs as supporters of terrorism or all Arab women as having few rights. But Global educators, however, purposefully address stereotypes and challenge the exotic images and misperceptions that students bring with them into the classroom. They develop lessons to replace misinformation with knowledge of the complexity of cultures, cultural conflicts, a nd global issues. To cast down a unit on the Middle East, for example, a global educator asks students to brainstorm what they know about Muslims, Arabs, and the Middle East and then immediately addresses common misperceptions. When students confuse the terms Arab and Muslim, the teacher helps students map where Arabs live and introduces indigenous sources for students to differentiate diverse Arab cultures and the Muslim world (Said, 1997). Said (1993) ideas on how Europeans constructed the Orient can help students recognize the exotic images of the Middle East in popular media, entertainment, and textbooks, and distinguish them from the materials that people of other countries have posted on the Internet and what local Egyptian, Lebanese, and Persian students say about their lives back home. In developing an appreciation of the complexities within other cultures, students learn to challenge sweeping generalizations, misinformation, and stereotypes.Global ChallengesSustainable learning and climate changePeople all over the world are struggling with problems of a magnitude no other generation has faced. Even in the most affluent nations, one thousand millions of people suffer from hunger, homelessness, and unattended health problems. Sach (1995) opines that wars, civil conflicts and invasions take the lives of millions more. Global changes in the climate are creating severe local weather conditions, destroying lives and property. healthful intended projects continue to despoil the land, water and air ( Sach, 1995 p.7). Millions of tons of hazardous waste generated by industrialized countries are exported to non-industrialized areas of the world without regard to the health and environment consequences. Jacobson (1991) says that over three meg pounds of pesticides a year are used globally causing human poisonings, harm to fish and wildlife, livestock losses, groundwater contamination, destruction of innate(p) vegetation, and more pests resistant to pest icides (Jacobson et al, 1991, p. 45). Deforestation, soil erosion, destruction of habitat, extinction of species, and depletion of aquifers are but a few of the many attacks on our planet. While natural resources are nude from the earth, new species are genetically engineered by corporations for profitability and monopolized through complex international patent laws with few constraints for releasing them into the environment. According to Shiva (1997) ancient knowledge of plants and animals, and even human genetic material, are stolen from indigenous peoples and used to generate wealth for a few while the cultures which generated the knowledge are decimated. As these examples demonstrate, human rights and environmental issues are clearly intertwined.A country like Kenya is a prime example of not providing an economic infrastructure to meet the subsistence needs of the communities in the northern part of the country and creating man made famine. Countries with hungry people export grains or feed them to livestock for export. Millions of jobs are eliminated by technology or runaway factories as CEO salaries skyrocket. While the unite Nations ratified a Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, more than 250 million children are laboured into labor (Sanders, 1997). Enormous resources are wasted on the production of guns and weapons of mass destruction as social programs and education funds are drastically reduced. Projects to shed light on one problem have created other problems. McMichaels (1993) observes that dams, viewed for decades as creating clean energy and providing irrigation, are responsible for destroying the means of subsistence for millions of people who are forced to relocate their homes (McMichaels, 1993 rapscallion 36). Altering the natural flow of rivers, these dams flood millions of hectares of arable land, create conditions for water born diseases and prevent fish from spawning. Aquaculture, heralded as the answer to declining fish a nd pewit populations, is despoiling the habitat of other species.The primacy of profit maximization over all other values is the core of both social and environmental problems. Nations and nature are being restructured to meet this primary goal, not to meet the needs of ordinary people or to ensure a sustainable environment. The problems created are global, with consequences for many different countries and communities. For example, when U. S. companies campaign plants and jobs to other countries to take advantage of cheaper labor, they leave economic devastation in local U.S. communities and undermine the existing economies in the new locations. At the same time, they take advantage of less stringent environmental policies in other countries that allow them to pollute more freely or to use chemicals banned in the United States. Sometimes, these chemicals return to consumers in the U.S. in the imported products. Global problems necessitate going beyond national borders to embracin g the concept of global citizenship. By learning how global issues affect individual and community lives, how and why decisions are made which affect the planet and life on it and, most importantly, means by which the future can be influenced, global education can prepare students to become socially responsible international citizens.The empowerment of womenEmpowerment of women has been one of the strongest drivers of social evolution over the past carbon, and many argue that it is the most efficient strategy for addressing the global challenges in this chapter. Only two countries allowed women to vote at the beginning of the twentieth century today there is virtually universal suffrage, the come ratio of women legislators worldwide has reached 19.2%, and over 20 countries have women heads of state or government. Patriarchal structures are increasingly challenged, and the movement toward gender equality is irreversible.With an estimated control of over 70% of global consumer spend ing, women are strongly influencing market preferences. Analysis shows a direct interdependence amidst countries Gender Gap Index and their Competitiveness Index scores and that Fortune 500 companies with more gender-balanced boards could outperform the others by as much as 50%. Yet the Gender Equity Index 2010 shows that significant differences still remain in economic participation and political empowerment.Gender stereotyping continues to have negative impacts on women around the world, and although progress is being made on closing the gender bed covering in terms of establishing global and national policies, real improvement leave alone only be achieved when conflicts between written laws and customary and religious laws and practices are eliminated. Environmental disasters, food and financial crises, armed conflicts, and forced displacement further increase vulnerabilities and generate new forms of disadvantages for women and children.Women account for over 40% of the world s workforce, earn less than 25% of the wages, and represent about 70% of people living in poverty. An OECD trace found that women spend more time on unpaid work than men do worldwide, with the gap ranging from 1 hour per day in Denmark to 5 hours per day in India. FAO estimates that giving women the same access as men to agricultural resources could reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17%, or 100-150 million people. Child malnutrition levels are estimated to be 60% above average where women lack the right to land ownership and 85% above average where they have no access to credit. Microcredit institutions reported that by 2010, nearly 82% (about 105 million) of their poorest clients were women. However, many of their businesses are too small to transform their economic status, points out FEMNET.Empowerment of women is highly accelerated by the closing gender gap in education. Most countries are reaching gender parity in primary education, and 50% of university stu dents worldwide are women. Yet regional disparities are high, and UNESCO estimates that women represent about 66% of the 796 million adults who lack basic literacy skills. Although the health gender gap is closing, family planning and maternal health remain critical. Determining the size of the family should be recognized as a basic human right, and more attention should be given to womens health and social support for affordable child care worldwide, including industrial countries, which are facing demographic crises due to low fertility rates. Of the more than 500,000 maternal deaths per year, 99% happen in developing countries, with the highest prevalence in Africa and Asia due to high fertility rates and weak health care systems. Unless providing powerful family planning to the 215 million women who lack it is seen as a key component of development, the UN goal to reduce maternal mortality to 120 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2015 will not be achieved.Regulations should be enacted and implement to stop female genital mutilation, which traumatizes about 3 million girls in Africa each year, in addition to the 100-142 million women worldwide affected by it today. While the prevalence of this in Egypt, Guinea, and some parts of Uganda is at over 90%, communities in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and even in the EU are also affected.Violence against women is the largest war today, as measured by death and casualties per year. While the proportion of women exposed to physical violence in their lifespan ranges from 12% to 59%, a function of region and culture, sexual assaults remain one of the most underreported crimes worldwide, continuing to be perpetrated with impunity.According to UNODC, 66% of the victims of the $32 billion global industry of human trafficking are women and children. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, has 142 parties and 117 signatories thus far, but it has yet to be adopte d and enforced by some key countries.Female vulnerability increases during conflict, when sexual violence is often used as a weapon. Recovery from conflict and disaster should be used as opportunities to rectify inequalities. Nevertheless, women make up only 8% of peace negotiators, and only 25 countries have developed National Action Plans bread and butter UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on womens protection in conflict and participation in peace processes.Reduce the gap between rich and poor?The world needs a long-term strategic plan for a global partnership between rich and poor. Such a plan should use the potentiality of free markets and rules based on global ethics to combat poverty. Conventional approaches to poverty reduction (technical assistance and credit) that work in low- and middle-income stable countries do not work in fragile countries, which need stability first. Ethical market economies and systems require improved fair trade, increased economic freedom, a lev el compete field guaranteed by an honest judicial system with adherence to the rule of law and by governments that provide political stability, a chance to participate in local development decisions, reduced corruption, insured property rights, business incentives to comply with social and environmental goals, a healthy investment climate, and access to land, capital, and information. Direction from exchange government with relatively free markets is competing with the decentralized, individualized private enterprise for lifting people out of poverty (Hersh and . Paterson, 1994 pages 93-94)An alternative to trying to beat the brain drain is to connect people overseas to the development process back home by a variety of Internet systems. According to UNDP, if the WTO eliminated agricultural export subsidies, developing countries would gain $72 billion per year, according to UNDP. Structural imbalances in world trade have to be corrected to assure fair competition, respect of human rights, and labor and environmental standards, as well as efficient management of the global commons and prevention of monopolies. Chinas monetary policy adjustments could help other countries economic development and access to world markets.International students must be exposed to these issues and offer possible solutions in a project oriented instruction. Also as a resource, the native students from these countries provide a rich understanding of how the issues affect their lives. Australia has set up a recruiting structure that gives international students scholarships with a pledge that these students will work in Australia for five years after graduation before returning to the mother country. Relationships are being developed to foster cooperation and understanding. The case study of such programs would enhance students understanding of international connectedness as international students. They can learn that the human experience is an increasingly globalized phenomenon in w hich people are incessantly being influenced by transnational, cross-cultural, multi-cultural, multi-ethnic interactions. It is therefore important international students begin developing a deeper understanding of the worlds economic, social, and political issues.

Factors Affecting Research Culture at Universities in Pakistan Essay

Abstract Research is an integral part of the higher education. Teachers and students spend weeks to find a good topic associate to the dramaturgy of study, data collection and analysis and finally in writing papers. Conducting research and writing papers creates a healthy activity amongst faculty and students which results in knowledge creation and emergence of research cultivation. Faculty at universities could be divided into two broad categories of teachers and researcher. These categories be good in their preferred field only. The challenges faced by the faculty related to research vary between private and public sectors too. However, this research shows that the leadership, curriculum, people, external environment and research experience are important factors for a research nuance at universities.Key course research, university, higher education, leadership, faculty and inter-personal collaborationI.INTRODUCTIONResearch could be described as the first tone in knowledge cre ation, which starts with search, passes through with(predicate) the steps of learning, teaching and ends at knowledge creation. Academia has an important role in the dissemination of knowledge to the wider society through direct and indirect interaction. A product of an individual, group or society of intelligent beings is known as culture, showing that culture is learnt through research. Therefore, the research culture can be defined as the act of knowledge creation, sharing and translated into action 1.The term research culture is a combination of two words research and culture. The word research means a careful or diligent search or the process of collecting information about a particular subject. On the other hand the word culture could be explained as the act ... ...ding for such activities are respected for their work as well as the funding that they attract 9. Universities have two basic purposes of existence - teaching and research both of which are public trust, therefor e, the universities have to upraise worthy of it. Universities in the developing countries are not allowed to perform independently. Furthermore universities lack resources if the government support is withdrawn. Therefore, they need to find necessary resources to be up to(p) to survive. This can be done by becoming innovative and accessible to as many as possible 11 12 13.While studying the research culture in Caribbean universities, 14, it was mentioned that the research culture is one of the pre-requisites for a country to be able to find solutions to their problems rather than importing and adapting the knowledge created in other countries.

Rose :: Personal Narrative Drawing Art Papers

Rose I am accustomed, now, to being in a room with seven men who argon drawing my pubic hair. I name been on the other side of the drawing board, and I know that bodies are reduced to descriptor, distance, and shadow hold up the pencil. This is how far the nipple is from the armpit. Squint. It is not even a nipple anymore, not to them, though my nipple has not changed any since I took off my clothing.The first while I posed naked in the wine cellar of the man whose ad I answered there were only two artists. The host would grimace and then uncompress his face in quick succession like a broken smile doll while he sketched. The other rubbed my shoulders over the thick sorry robe during a break. The music was incredible blues, and old music from 1940s Japan. Bad luck for the band, my host comments, because then Hiroshima happened. I found something to focus on so my body would hold still and steady. One time it was a finished drawing. Something about the light on the womans breas t made it look like the shape bread dough takes before rising. When I arrived I asked for the bathroom. Perhaps because I come from a place where basements and attics are rare I love them, and his basement smelled pleasant and damp, pastel and cardboard everywhere, with a cat who wound round the artists legs. But the kitchen and bathroom betrayed the smell of the five cats who live there total. I have five cats also, but they spend their time outside accruing foxtails. The wife had headphones on and didnt look at me as she hurried into the car he had taken to overcharge me up from campus. He spoke to her as if he didnt know she had tuned him out. I stood bare under the hot lamp unsure of whether I was welcome, holding onto the curtain so my arm would catch the light, staring into the face of the clock until it became an object representative of nothing important, bread, an elbow, skin, scattered records. I do not know why there are no women in this group. I wonder sometimes if I wo uld feel differently about shedding my clothing for a woman. I do not think I would though I am using my naked body in a way a man dictates, I have sanctioned this and am making forty dollars in three hours.